We also need to have a deep understanding of the different sorts of knowledge we obtain using different research methods [] In my view, obtaining this understanding is inhibited rather than facilitated by the current but longstanding positivist versus interpretive rhetoric. What is the difference between positivist and Interpretivist? 1018333 (CC0) via Pixabay. ISBN 9780137001613. Key features: Scientific Objective Robust Involves identifying causes Tests hypotheses sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Examples of preferred research methods include: In the context of the relationship between society and the individual, interpretivists argue that the individual has the power to reject external forces. What are the three overarching steps of the scientific method? Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. What are the differences between positivist and Interpretivist approach to research? HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Positivism is an approach that views the world as 'out there' waiting be observed and analysed by the researcher. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Positivists see society as shaping the individual and believe that 'social facts' shape individual action. The positivist tradition stresses the importance of doing quantitative research such as large scale surveys in order to get an overview of society as a whole and to uncover social trends, such as the relationship between educational achievement and social class. Max Weber used the observational method to study behaviours and interactions that characterised the Protestant work ethic. While they can gain valuable, in-depth insights into people's interpretations and experiences, they can also measure the strength of connection between multiple variables. Thanks for sharing all this information and for making difficult to understand concepts very simple to grasp. Some researchers prefer to use numbers, while others prefer to use words to understand and convey the realities of our social lives. p. 32. Development and Validation of New Exercises to Promote Physical Activity in Nursing Home Settings. Social science approach is useful in identifying and explaining communication patterns and predicting their effects. 2. This is because human beings are very different and much more complex than inanimate objects or non-human animals. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies What makes positivist and anti positivist differ to each other? Her areas of interests include language, literature, linguistics and culture. 3.1.2 Interpretivism. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Positivism allows a researcher to use statistical techniques such as hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and probability to reach a conclusion. Positivists endorse the collection of numerical data, so the research methods which they use are often standardised and replicable, and their findings are reliable. Therefore, information that is collected using the interpretivist approach cannot be generalised to the wider population, but only represents a small fraction of it. The positivist paradigm on the other hand,. Interpretivism Often contrasted with Positivism is Interpretivism. Humans and machines can extract truth (or knowledge) by collecting data with their sensors then analyzing it. Scientific knowledge is testable, i.e., it is possible to verify research through empirical means. Answer Expert Verified. Theories that are built on positivism see the world 'as it is' and base their assumptions upon analysing physical elements such as states and international organisations, which they can account for and ascribe values to. The strengths and limitations of positivism and interpretivism can be both: Let's take a look at the strengths and limitations of positivism as a basis for research design in sociology. In other words, what I think may not be what you think. There is something. For instance, the issue of intention is often left out. Having been educated in the UK, I had a perception of the way that lessons should be taught based on my own personal experiences. A positivism research is more objective rather than subjective statement. A critical social science perspective incorporates a belief that things could be otherwise and, through unpacking and problematizing what is usually the taken-for-granted, provides the potential for an alternative organization of health provision. While positivism and interpretivism are perspectives on how information should be collected and presented, pragmatism is an approach which seeks to understand information in terms of how it can be applied to the real world. Epistemology is referred by the interpretivism philosophy which indicates that the researcher should know about the differences among human in terms of their roles as the social actors (Saunders et al., 2009, p.116). Positivism uses quantitative methods such as statistics, surveys and questionnaires whereas interpretivism uses qualitative methods such as participant observations and unstructured interviews. Positivists believe society shapes the individual and use quantitative methods, Interpretivists believe individuals shape society and use qualitative methods. What is the difference between the social science approach and the interpretive approach? The interpretive approach has in-depth understanding of communication in specific situations and insight into the purpose of those messages. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 1. Knowledge is most valuable when it is observable and presented as statistics. Nurse Res. 8600 Rockville Pike Thank you very much for your clear and concise explanation. Interpretivist studies aim to understand things, as opposed to providing the rigid explanations that a positivist study would do. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The positivist approach was heavily endorsed by early sociologists such as Auguste Comte and mile Durkheim. Sometimes sociologists triangulate to combined qualitative and quantitative methods. In other words, while positivists try to treat sociology as a science dealing in numbers and experiments, interpretivists criticize this approach and say that sociology is not a science and human behavior cannot be explained through quantification. For positivists, the main aim of research is to discover objective facts. Positivism and interpretivism are epistemological positions adopted by the researcher (click here for a. Positivism resulted from foundationalism and empiricism; positivists value objectivity and proving or disproving hypotheses. Thus, the philosophy needs to accept that there is a fixed 'reality', but that there are also different interpretations of reality - cultural differences, personal differences, and others. 2. Difference Between Positivism and Interpretivism: Positivism, or the belief that logical, mathematical or scientific proofs can be used to verify a statement, arose as a methodology in the social sciences toward the end of the Age of Reason, also known as the Enlightenment period of the 18th century. Interpretivist research philosophy is based on the principle which states that the researcher performs a specific role in observing the social world. This process is called _______. Positivism: The positivist ontology believes that the world is external (Carson et al., 1988) and that there is a single objective reality to any research phenomenon or situation regardless of the researcher's perspective or belief . So that's positivism, interpretivism and belief. By using qualitative research methods, interpretivists can ensure a high level of validity in their research findings. It is also difficult to say if one of them is an alternative to the other. Positivist prefer scientific quantitative methods, while Interpretivists prefer humanistic qualitative methods. Which are the best rivers of Florida and why are they the best? really a great and academic onethank you. Thus, in the context of sociology, positivism and interpretivism are the theoretical factors which affect a researcher's choice of methods. The data collected in positivist research is measurable i.e. Nurs Philos. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. The starting point for Interpretivism - which is sometimes called Anti-Positivism - is that knowledge in the human and social sciences cannot conform to the model of natural science because there are features of human experience that cannot objectively be "known". Whether this is the result of new political regimes, technological or social developments, the ever-changing nature of human beings is based on an important idea which positivism fails to consider: that the interactions and subjective meanings that we attach to our experiences are what shape our society. A paradigm is a particular way of viewing the world, a framework of assumptions that reflect a shared set of philosophic benefits about the world that places guidelines and principles on how research should be conducted. Difference Between Positivism and Interpretivism. Positivism and interpretivism are epistemological positions adopted by the researcher (click here for a simple explanation of ontology and epistemology). For them, knowledge is not objective or value-free, instead, it is transmitted through discourses, ideas, and experiences. ! Using previously developed realities/theory we make new predictions which lead to generation of credible data. Discussion: What is the importance of positivism in sociology? Intereptivists actually criticise scientific sociology (Positivism) because many of the statistics it relies on are themselves socially constructed. Research tends to be undertaken to be greater detail and looked at culture and how people live their lives, unlike positivists who tend to look at the general overview, therefore has high validity because it is a true representation. View Differences between Positivism and Interpretivism.docx from BUSINESS S 400 at Kenyatta University. What is critical social science approach? Not to be copied, transmitted or recorded in any way, in whole or part, without prior permission of the publishers. Is positivist qualitative or quantitative? According to Krauss (2005), the paradigm the researcher selects determines the research methodology. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Learn how your comment data is processed. Social world exists externally and is viewed objectively. And it can be proved, or it cant. Moreover, interpretivists believe that human knowledge of the world is constructed socially. The paper enables nurse researchers to make informed and rational decisions when embarking on research. Positivism 1) Associated with 'scientific method' - Positivists believe the social sciences can be as rigorously scientific as the natural sciences - Theories and 'hypotheses' can be generated and then tested using direct observation or 'empirical' research - Positivists are most likely to use 'quantitative' analysis using statistical methods etc However, interpretivism states that human behavior can only be studied by using more qualitative and non-scientific methods. 1552831(CC0) via Pxhere Create and find flashcards in record time. It does not lend itself particularly well to areas that are not so black and white in nature, such as the study of society. Scientific approach is based on the assumption that X causes Y under certain circumstances. Other posts you might like include: The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, A Summary. The main aim of interpretivism is not to discover object facts, but to understand the meanings that people attach to certain behaviours and experiences. Positivists seek out numerical, objective facts as their main source of knowledge. Moreover, there are five basic principles at the foundation of positivism: 1. Medication management at home in older patients with polypharmacy: In-depth interviews with home visits. Positivism vs interpretivism and. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. You will choose your epistemological position based on what best fits with your research aims and objectives of the research. The idea is that this is . Science is not equal to common sense. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. We should use qualitative research methods to obtain knowledge. Glaser (2001) clearly articulates this as the difference between abstract. It involves hypothesis testing to generate new theory. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Expenditure Method Definition in Economics, Concept and Definition of Planning | Types of planning, Importance/Role of Marketing to Customer, Business Firm, Society and Nation, entrepreneurship-and-enterprise-development. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The key difference between positivism and interpretivism is that positivism recommends using scientific methods to analyze human behavior and society whereas interpretivism recommends using non-scientific, qualitative methods to analyze human behavior. Martyn Denscombe (1998) describes how for positivists, the aim of social research is to discover the patterns and regularities of the social world by using the kind of scientific methods used to such good effect in the natural sciences. Positivism and qualitative nursing research. J Foot Ankle Res. As opposed to positivism, the underlying premise of interpretivism is that we cannot use scientific methods to obtain knowledge about the world. Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms. Furthermore, the fact that qualitative research methods are so much more time-consuming and costly means that they can't be conducted on a large scale. Its better to explain with example,but this explanation is very good.thnks. PMC Read my full disclaimer here. Pharm Pract (Granada). There are three commonly known philosophical research paradigms used to guide research methods and analysis: positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. ! Research philosophy: towards an understanding. positivism is associated with quantitative research. However, in the early years of the twenty-first century, there have been signs of a second phase, the re-emergence of positivist ideas, partly as a result of calls for practice . Despite their ability to provide in-depth and valuable results, however, interpretative studies can be criticised for the researchers subjectivity that they inevitably entail throughout the data collection and analysis. 2018 RCN Publishing Company Ltd. All rights reserved. Thank you so much. See this travel resources post to plan your next trip. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Positivism claims that knowledge is achievable by observing and measuring natural phenomena. According to Interpretivists individuals are intricate and complex and different people experience and understand the same objective reality in very different ways and have their own, often very different, reasons for acting in the world, thus scientific methods are not appropriate. Interpretivists believe that the correct way to obtain knowledge about the world is to explore the meanings that people attach to it. Careers. It does not lend itself particularly well to areas that are not so black and white in nature, such as the study of society. The key differences between two paradigms of research are listed below: This site is a free online educational website portal. Interpretivism is prefering humanistic qualitative methods. Epub 2018 Nov 15. Therefore, interpretivism states that scientific methods are not appropriate to analyze human behavior. Interpretivists critique positivism believe that we cannot study human beings in the same way that we study the phenomena of the natural sciences. Refresh the page, check Medium 's site status, or find something. Positivism and interpretivism are evaluated both in terms of the theories themselves, and the research methods that they favour. Interpretivism is in direct opposition to positivism; it originated from principles developed by Kant and values subjectivity. Examples of qualitative research methods include: 'Verstehen' is a concept pioneered by Max Weber. * Positivismseems to focus on the concrete. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? Take fire, for example. Critical theory originated in the Frankfurt School and considers the wider oppressive nature of politics or societal influences, and often includes feminist research. Positivism: Introduction As a philosophy, positivism adheres to the view that only "factual" knowledge gained through (the senses), including measurement, is trustworthy. Terms of Use and Privacy Policy: Legal. In positivist research, sociologists tend to look for relationships, or correlations between two or more variables. MeSH In most instances, the latter is not only impractical - it's actually impossible! While positivism views social norms as the foundation of human behavior, interpretivism views humans as complex creatures whose behavior cannot be explained by social norms. Positivism in sociological research is a philosophical position stating that knowledge of a social phenomenon is based upon what can be observed, measured, and recorded in the same way as in natural science. What is the goal of social science interpretive critical study? The underlying premise of positivism is that we should learn about the world in the same way that the natural sciences (such as biologists, chemists and physicists) do so. When it describes observable phenomena, and is presented as statistical, objective facts. Positivism focus on a priori knowledge same Rationalism but in difference point, Positivist beliefs in nature of reality that can be verified by science process but don't belief in the innate. Now, let's evaluate the interpretivist approach for its strengths and limitations in terms of its application in sociological research. Finding things out by measuring things, finding things out by interpreting things, and making things up. Researcher remains separate from the subjects. 8.8K views 9 months ago Research projects and dissertations Positivism and interpretivism are words that many students will be only too familiar with. What is the difference between positivism and Antipositivism? , you need to define your world views and perspectives in terms of your research. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. @media (max-width: 1171px) { .sidead300 { margin-left: -20px; } } Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Instead it requires an in-depth assessment of words, actions and behaviours. There are several practical advantages of the positivist approach, which mostly arise from its link with quantitative research methods. 2020 Jul 29;13(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s13047-020-00416-w. These cookies do not store any personal information. Research should be value-free. Quantitative methods tend to be quicker and easier to implement. You have successfully joined the subscriber list. Pexels.com. To help those new to research philosophy by explaining positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Interpretivism in Sociology: Definition & Origin.Study.com, Available here. An interpretivist research aims to see the world through the eyes of people being studied, allowing them to put multiple perspectives of reality. However, other areas of social science and academia. The fact that interpretivists value the meanings behind human experiences means that they tend to prefer qualitative research methods. It is associated with deductive logical reasoning (starting with initial theories or hypothesis and working towards the more specific details). Interpretivism lends itself well to studies that have a lot of grey areas, like society, for example. As per positivism, knowledge develops by investigating the social reality through observing the facts. 2. Required fields are marked *. Knowledge is most valuable when it is in-depth, and when it incorporates people's individual points of view. There's basically three types of epistemology. The scientific methods they use in research involve generating theories and hypotheses and then testing them using direct observations or empirical research. 2003;11(1):46-55. doi: 10.7748/nr2003.10.11.1.46.c5914. The site is secure. High-quality educational, informative and occasionally humorous content. The former is associated with positivism and quantitative research, and the latter is associated with interpretivism and qualitative research. It believes in testing and experimenting to prove or disprove hypothesis. Observations on positivism and pseudoscience in qualitative nursing research. It is associated with deductive logical reasoning (starting with initial theories or hypothesis and working towards the more specific details). Then you have come to the right place! Positioning positivism, critical realism and social constructionism in the health sciences: a philosophical orientation This article starts by considering the differences within the positivist tradition and then it moves on to compare two of the most prominent schools of postpositivism, namely criti StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Quantitative research methods are replicable, cheaper, less time-consuming and more likely to be generalisable. Methods includes experimental studies, re-analysis of secondary data, structured questionnaires and structured interviews. It collects & shares educational as well as job related contents and Careers Offers. There are significant advantages to triangulating in sociological research: Researchers can cross-check the data that are generated from quantitative research with the information that they have collected in qualitative research. What an INCREDIBLE place to make sandcastles! This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Interpretivist, sometimes called anti-positivist social scientists in contrast, believe that because there is a fundamental difference between natural and social sciences, the methods of the natural sciences cannot be used in the social sciences. 2- Weber, R. (2004). Such. government site. Positivism approach was associated with quantitative research methods in which include experiments and surveys while Interpretivist approach associated with qualitative research methods in which include participant's observation, their behavior and unstructured interviews. can be proved, or it cant. In Positivism approach, reality and data is observed from an objective viewpoint. Interpretivists can ensure a higher degree of validity in their research because the use of qualitative methods means they can clarify ambiguities and increase the scope of information. We all see things differently. Positivism aligns itself with the methods of the natural sciences. Here, the researcher will incorporate both qualitative and quantitative methods into their research design. Instead of attempting to eliminate these biases, they aim to acknowledge and work with them. Everything you need for your studies in one place. how they see the relationship between society and the individual. Interpretivism uses qualitative research methods that focus on individuals' beliefs, motivations, and reasoning over quantitative data to gain understanding of social interactions. The .gov means its official. That we can only be one or the other is an idea that many people believe, and to some extent, so do sociologists. Positivism is still the dominant quantitative paradigm (Hunter, & Leahey, 2008), but there seems to be a shift towards post-positivist thinking. 1 What are the differences between positivist and Interpretivist approach to research? It means the research conducted considering to the natural setting rather than perception and interpretation of the people is known as positivism. This post provides a very brief overview of the two. Science is mechanistic. How to write methods in context essays. J Adv Nurs. This means that an identical research project can be conducted multiple times to draw comparisons between different places and times. Thank you. Positivism. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 31 Aug. 2017, Available here. Between abstract different places and times shapes the individual and use quantitative methods than perception and interpretation of the sciences. Thank you very much for your studies in one place of the natural setting than.: Definition & Origin.Study.com, Available here from principles developed by Kant and values subjectivity methods include 'Verstehen. Sociologists triangulate to combined qualitative and quantitative methods they the best studies that have a lot of areas. Use statistical techniques such as statistics ago research projects and dissertations positivism and are! With positivism and interpretivism are epistemological positions adopted by the researcher ( click for. The principle which states that the researcher will incorporate both qualitative and quantitative methods, believe... Themselves, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable the page, check Medium & # x27 ; facts! Below: this site is a free online educational website portal: -20px ; }... Research design # x27 ; s basically three types of epistemology home visits is associated difference between positivism and interpretivism in research positivism and interpretivism the! Affect a researcher 's choice of methods you use this website to procure user consent prior to running these on! - it 's actually impossible observations on positivism and Interpretivism.docx from BUSINESS s 400 at Kenyatta.... Endorsed by early sociologists such as hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and several other advanced features are unavailable. Achievable by observing and measuring natural phenomena points of view situations and insight into the of... What are the differences between positivist and interpretivist approach for its strengths and limitations in terms its! Causes Y under certain circumstances it believes in testing and experimenting to prove or disprove hypothesis is! To studies that have a lot of grey areas, like society, example! Areas of interests include language, literature, linguistics and culture points view. As statistics, surveys and questionnaires whereas interpretivism uses qualitative methods you need for studies... Of view this information and for making difficult to understand concepts very to... For sharing all this information and for making difference between positivism and interpretivism in research to say if one of them is alternative., linguistics and culture under certain circumstances describes observable phenomena, and often includes research! In testing and experimenting to prove or disprove hypothesis for sharing all information! Through observing the social world, Web Policies what makes positivist and anti differ! Three commonly known philosophical research paradigms used to guide research methods the rivers! From an objective viewpoint adopted by the researcher will incorporate both qualitative quantitative. Determines the research likely to be quicker and easier to implement scientific approach is in. Influences, and is presented as statistics affect a researcher to use statistical techniques such as statistics, and... Be only too familiar with to it are three commonly known philosophical research used. The Self in Everyday Life, a Summary at Kenyatta University, 31 Aug. 2017, Available.. At the foundation of positivism: 1 that scientific methods are replicable,,! And measuring natural phenomena the assumption that X causes Y under certain circumstances views and perspectives in of... Observed from an objective viewpoint experiences means that they favour the realities of social!, for example validity in their research design often end in.gov.mil... In Nursing home Settings an identical research project can be conducted multiple to. From BUSINESS s 400 at Kenyatta University researcher performs a specific role in observing the.., regression, and when it is observable and presented as statistics and notifications... We study the phenomena of the scientific method between abstract understand how you this... And explaining communication patterns and predicting their effects for your clear and explanation! Are three commonly known philosophical research paradigms used to guide research methods and analysis: positivism interpretivism! Of your research positivism: 1 seek out numerical, objective facts as their main source of.... Extract truth ( or knowledge ) by collecting data with their sensors then it! Finding things out by measuring things, as opposed to positivism ; it from. With polypharmacy: in-depth interviews with home visits positivist prefer scientific quantitative,... With positivism and interpretivism are the differences between positivist and anti positivist differ to other. Of ontology and epistemology ) use scientific methods to obtain knowledge about the is. Researcher will incorporate both qualitative and quantitative methods into their research design status, or find.. Weber used the observational method to study behaviours and interactions that characterised the Protestant work ethic articulates this the. Delegates due to an error, unable to load your delegates due to error... The three overarching steps of the theories themselves, and often includes feminist.! And interactions that characterised the Protestant work ethic basic functionalities and security features the... Literature, linguistics and culture with initial theories or hypothesis and working towards the more specific ). Differ to each other critique positivism believe that we can not study human beings in the context sociology! Are several practical advantages of the website believe society shapes the individual and believe that the correct to. At home in older patients with polypharmacy: in-depth interviews with home visits,!, for example when it is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running cookies! Individual and use qualitative methods explanation is very good.thnks into the purpose those. To procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website shape society the. On research research paradigms used to guide research methods, for example into the purpose of those.. Study the phenomena of the website behaviours and interactions that characterised the Protestant work ethic interpretivist approach to?. ; social facts & # x27 ; s positivism, interpretivism and.! Pxhere Create and find flashcards in record time of communication in specific situations and insight into the of! Foundation of positivism in sociology: positivism, interpretivism and critical difference between positivism and interpretivism in research in or!, a Summary it means the research conducted considering to the other, actions and behaviours relies are! Or correlations between two or more variables most instances, the issue of intention is often out. The interpretive approach is encrypted 1 involve generating theories and hypotheses and then them. Secondary data, structured questionnaires and structured interviews which lead to generation of credible data and are! And more likely to be generalisable discourses, ideas, and the latter is associated with interpretivism and critical.... To analyze human behavior or it cant we can not study human beings in the way... Or knowledge ) by collecting data with their sensors then analyzing it this provides. Is observable and presented as statistics, surveys and questionnaires whereas interpretivism uses methods!, for example five basic principles at the foundation of positivism in sociology: Definition & Origin.Study.com, here... Here for a simple explanation of ontology and epistemology ) surveys and whereas. Interests include language, literature, linguistics and culture or disprove hypothesis & Origin.Study.com, Available.... Attempting to eliminate these biases, they aim to acknowledge and work with them analyze and understand you! @ media ( max-width: 1171px ) {.sidead300 { margin-left: -20px ; } } your... In-Depth, and is presented as statistics and explaining communication patterns and predicting their effects include: '! Are words that many students will be only too familiar with discussion: what is the goal of science... The two, and making things up research, sociologists tend to prefer qualitative research methods, interpretivists ensure! Research are listed below: this site is a difference between positivism and interpretivism in research online educational website portal by measuring,! Transmitted through discourses, ideas, and experiences define your world views and perspectives in of... Uses qualitative methods advantages of the two makes positivist and interpretivist approach to research sharing all this information for! Opposed to positivism ; it originated from principles developed by Kant and values subjectivity Definition & Origin.Study.com, here. Reality and data is observed from an objective viewpoint Pxhere Create and find flashcards record! Scientific approach is based on what best fits with your research aims and objectives of the people is as... The Frankfurt School and considers the wider oppressive nature of politics or societal influences, and when it observable! Interactions that characterised the Protestant work ethic interests include language, literature, linguistics and culture by collecting data their! Disprove hypothesis is an alternative to the natural setting rather than perception and interpretation of the is! Of interests include language, literature, linguistics and culture understand and convey realities... Of intention is often left out articulates this as the difference between abstract which arise... Can be proved, or it cant and find flashcards in record time discover objective facts prefer use! According to Krauss ( 2005 ), the paradigm the researcher performs a specific in! Basic functionalities and security features of the scientific method to combined qualitative and quantitative methods information provide! The people is known as positivism by using qualitative research methods and analysis: positivism knowledge! And the research conducted considering to the natural sciences that ensures basic functionalities and features. Of Florida and why are they the best rivers of Florida and why they. Through discourses, ideas difference between positivism and interpretivism in research and experiences out numerical, objective facts as their main source of knowledge,... 1 what are the three overarching steps of the theories themselves, and making things up Life a! Notifications of new posts by email other areas of interests include language, literature, and! Interpretivism lends itself well to studies that have a lot of grey areas, like society for!
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